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The highest potato yields were achieved with halved NPK fertilizer rates combined with volcanic ash — demonstrating fertilizer amplification, not just nutrient supply.

In both soils, Si fertilizers produced higher yields associated with enhanced soil moisture and phosphorus content compared to the control.

VAF offers an effective boost in plant growth, with a more than threefold increase in aboveground biomass production and soil nutrient extraction at higher ash concentrations.

Si application significantly promoted accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and Si — single fruit weight +62%, yield +34%, vitamin C +114%, lycopene +67%.

Soluble sugars in fruit experienced a significant increase of 43.89%. Vitamin C, carotenoid, and lycopene significantly increased by 114.27%, 99.17%, and 66.74%.

At both locations, yields were increased by as much as 42%, depending on the cultivar, by Si applied at 1,000 kg/ha. Grain discoloration was reduced by as much as 70%.

Extractable potassium and phosphate levels in unfertilized Balinese rice paddies were indistinguishable from fertilized paddies — volcanic ash via irrigation supplied all requirements.

The 2016 production experience on the use of ash with mineral fertilizers on annual forage grasses increased yield by 32.2%. Alongside yield, a rise in the content of raw protein was observed.

Volcanic tuff significantly improved strawberry production parameters including fruit weight, number of fruits per plant, and yield per plant compared to the control.

Soluble sugars in fruit experienced a significant increase of 43.89%... Vitamin C, carotenoid, and lycopene significantly increased by 114.27%, 99.17%, and 66.74% — directly applicable to strawberry quality metrics.

Potassium silicate application on sweet pepper significantly increased yield, biomass, and improved fruit quality across all parameters measured.

Foliar Si on salt-stressed pepper restored full yield at 1,500 ppm salinity — completely reversing the yield loss caused by salt stress.

Silicon application can enhance agronomic performance in soybeans by improving water use efficiency and supporting biological nitrogen fixation under tropical conditions.

Nano silicon on greenhouse cucumbers significantly increased fruit length, diameter, average weight, and total fruit weight per plant — while suppressing powdery mildew 60–80%.

Silicon treatment can significantly increase yields under both stressful and non-stressful conditions — and Si-treated plants under severe drought produced yields equivalent to fully watered control plants without Si.

Si application could be a useful and sustainable strategy to enhance agronomic N use efficiency, leading to better cereal development under tropical Savannah conditions.

Silicon deposits in avocado root cells create physical resistance to Phytophthora penetration — addressing both disease management and water efficiency simultaneously.

Volcanic ash soils, with their trace element richness and superior water holding capacity, produce the highest-value citrus in regions where volcanic geology is present.

Silicon amendment allowed corn nitrogen rates to drop from 185 to 100 kg N/ha while maintaining equivalent yields across four consecutive growing seasons.

Si application could be a useful and sustainable strategy to enhance agronomic N use efficiency — significantly improving the economics of corn production under tropical conditions.

Volcanic ash soils are capable of high productivity and long-term agricultural sustainability for root crops, with improved water retention and trace mineral availability.

Silicon at 75 ppm in hydroponic nutrient solution increased basil plant height, weight, and essential oil content — with potential frost tolerance improvement in protected cultivation.

Silicon creates physical resistance in almond hull tissue against Rhizoctonia and Monilinia infection — addressing hull rot while simultaneously reducing irrigation requirements.

Coffee grown on volcanic soils — with their natural trace mineral richness — consistently produces higher-quality, higher-yielding crops than production on depleted sedimentary soils.

Silicon deposited in cotton cell walls improves structural integrity and drought tolerance — reducing the yield penalty from water stress in dryland and irrigated production systems.

Silicon increased anthocyanins by 160% in Oseleta red grapes. Total phenolics, tannins, and overall wine chemistry improved across all four cultivars tested.

Silicon applications on grapevine comply with the principles of organic wine production and provide partial replacement of conventional fungicides for powdery mildew.

Silicon improves nitrogen use efficiency in leguminous crops by supporting biological nitrogen fixation — reducing synthetic nitrogen dependency while maintaining or improving yields.

Silicon improves the structural integrity and water retention of celery stalks, reducing postharvest quality loss and extending shelf life in fresh-market channels.